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References


General References

Cordell, C.E., R.L. Anderson, W.H. Hoffard, T.D. Landis, R.S. Smith, Jr., and H.V. Toko. 1989. Forest nursery pests. USDA Forest Service, Agr. Handbook No. 680. 184 p.

Davis, C. and T. Meyer. 1997. Field guide to tree diseases of Ontario. Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. NODA/NFP Tech. Rep. TR-46. 135 p.

Goulding, H.A., D.J. Hall, K.F. Raffa, and J.A. Martin. 1988. Wisconsin woodlands: identifying and managing pine pests in Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Extension Publ. G3428. Madison, WI. 47 p.

Gwinner, G. Myron, ed. 1988. Christmas trees from seed to sale. 3rd ed. Lecompton, KS: Tree Publishers, Inc. 72 p.

Hansen, E.M. and K.J. Lewis, eds. 1997. Compendium of Conifer Diseases. American Phytopathology Society Press. St. Paul, MN. 124 p.

Hiratsuka, Y. 1987. Forest tree diseases of the prairie provinces. Canadian Forestry Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Info. Rep. NOR-X-286. Edmonton, Alberta. 142 p.

Hiratsuka, Y., D.W. Langor, and P.E. Crane. 1995. A field guide to forest insects and diseases of the prairie provinces. Canadian Forest Service, Northwest Region, Northern Forestry Centre, Spec. Rep. 3. Edmonton, Alberta. 297 p.

Ives, W.G.J. and H.R. Wong. 1988. Tree and shrub insects of the prairie provinces. Canadian Forestry Service, Northern Forestry Centre Info. Rep. NOR-X-292, Edmonton, Alberta. 327 p. [Distributed by UBC Press, University of British Columbia, 6344 Memorial Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2]

Johnson, W. T. and H.H. Lyon. 1988. Insects that feed on trees and shrubs. 2nd ed. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. 556 p.

Kachadoorian, R., J. Cummings-Carlson, D.G. McCullough and D.O. Lantagne. 1995. Pesticides for use in Christmas tree production in the North Central Region. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-2594. East Lansing, MI. 52 p.

McCullough, D.G. 1994. Diagnosing shoot-boring insects of pines. North Central Regional Extension Publication No. 528. Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI. 5 p.

McCullough, D.G. and M.R. Koelling. 1996. Integrated pest management in Christmas tree production. In: E.B. Radcliffe and W.D. Hutchison, eds. Radcliffe’s IPM World Textbook. 11 p. URL: http://www.ent.agri.umn.edu/academics/classes/ipm/ipmsite.htm. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.

Myren, D.T., ed. 1994. Tree diseases of eastern Canada. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Science and Sustainable Dev. Directorate, Ottawa. 159 p.

Nicholls, T. H. and R.D. Wray. 1989. Pocket guide to Christmas tree diseases. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN. 38 p.

Nicholls, T.H. and D.D. Skilling. 1990. Pocket guide to red pine diseases and their management. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN. 41 p.

Nolte, D.L. and I.J. Otto. 1996. Materials and supplies for management of wildlife damage to trees. Publ. 4E42E33. USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Animal Damage Control, Denver Wildlife Research Center, and USDA, Forest Service Technology and Development Program. 48 p.

Powell, C. 1987. Christmas tree disease control part 1: what is plant health and part 2: disease management. Video. Ohio State University Extension Publication CDT12 (VT 31). 20; 26 minutes. Columbus, OH.

Sinclair, W.A., H.H. Lyon, and W.T. Johnson. 1987. Diseases of trees and shrubs. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 574 p.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1985. Insects of eastern forests: USDA Forest Service, Misc. Pub. 1426. Washington, D.C. 608 p.

Van Drissche, R.G., S. Henly, and R.C. Reardon, 1996. Biological control of arthropod pests of the northeastern and north central forests in the United States: review and recommendations. USDA Forest Service, FHTET-96-19. 257 p


Technical References

Air Pollution
Mielke, M.E. and M.E. Ostry. 1990. How to identify and control noninfectious diseases of trees. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN. 14 p.

Armillaria Root Rot
Shaw, C.G. III and G.A. Kile. 1991. Armillaria root disease. Washington, D.C.: USDA Forest Service, Agric. Handb. 691. 233 p.

Williams, R.E., C.G. Shaw III, P.M. Wargo, and W.H. Sites. 1989. Armillaria root disease. USDA Forest Service, For. Insect and Dis. Leafl. 78. Washington, D.C. 8 p.

Brown Spot Needle Blight
Heimann, M.F., G.R. Stanosz, and G.L. Worf. 1997. Pine needle diseases—brown spot and Lophodermium needlecast. Cooperative Extension Publication A2608. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI. 4 p.

Phelps, W.R.; A.G. Kais, and T.H. Nicholls, 1978. Brown-spot needle blight of pines. USDA Forest Service; For. Insect and Dis. Leafl. 44. Washington, D.C. 8 p.

Cooley’s Spruce Gall Adelgid
Koval, C.F. and P.J. Pellitteri. 1996. Spruce disorder: spruce gall adelgids. Cooperative Extension Publication A3288. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI. 2 p.

Diplodia Shoot Blight and Canker - see Sphaeropsis Shoot Blight

Dothistroma Needle Blight
Heimann, M.F., G.L. Worf, and R.F. Patton. 1997. Austrian pine and certain other species of pine; disorder Dothistroma needle blight. Cooperative Extension Publication A2620. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI. 2 p.

Peterson, G.W. 1982. Dothistroma needle blight of pines. USDA Forest Service. For. Insect and Dis. Leafl. 143. Washington, D.C. 6 p.

Eastern Pineshoot Borer
Wilson, L. F. 1978. Eastern pineshoot borer. : USDA Forest Service, For. Insect and Dis. Leafl 134. Washington, D.C. 4 p.

Eastern Spruce Gall Adelgid
Koval, C.F. and P.J. Pellitteri. 1996. Spruce disorder: spruce gall adelgids. Cooperative Extension Publication A3288. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI. 2 p.

European Pine Sawfly
Mahr, D. and D. Hall. 1982. Pines disorder: European pine sawfly. Cooperative Extension Publication A3180. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI. 2 p.

Gypsy Moth
Bauer, L.S., D.G. McCullough, and N.R. DuBois. 1994. Using Bt to control gypsy moth. Michigan State University State Extension Bulletin E-2421. East Lansing, MI. 2 p.

McManus, M., N. Schneeberger, R. Reardon, and G. Mason. 1992. Gypsy moth. USDA Forest Service, For. Insect and Dis. Leafl. 162. Washington, D.C. 13 p.

Leucostoma Canker
Heimann, M.F. and G.R. Stanosz. 1995. Colorado blue spruce and other conifers disorder: Cytospora canker. Cooperative Extension Publication A2639. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI. 2 p.

Lirula Needlecast Diseases
Albers, M., J. Albers, J. Cummings-Carlson, L. Haugen, and N. Wenner. 1996. How to identify and manage needlecast diseases on balsam fir. USDA Forest Service, NA-FR-02-96. Washington, D.C. 10 p.

Lophodermium Needlecast
Heimann, M.F., G.R. Stanosz, and G.L. Worf. 1997. Pine needle diseases—brown spot and Lophodermium needlecast. Cooperative Extension Publication A2608. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI. 4 p.

Nantucket Pine Tip Moth
Yates, H.O. III, N.A. Overgaard, and T.W. Koerber. 1981. Nantucket pine tip moth. USDA Forest Service, For. Insect and Dis. Leafl. 70. Washington, D.C. 7 p.

Pales Weevil
Corneil, J.A. and L.F. Wilson. 1981. How to identify and control pales weevil in Christmas tree plantations. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. St. Paul, MN. 6 p.

Nord, J.C., I. Ragenovich, and C.A. Doggett. 1984. Pales weevil. USDA Forest Service, For. Insect and Dis. Leafl. 104. Washington, D.C. 11 p.

Pesticides
Kachadoorian, R., J. Cummings-Carlson, D.G. McCullough, and D.O. Lantagne. 1995. Pesticides for use in Christmas tree production in the north central region. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-2594. East Lansing, MI. 52 p.

Kachadoorian, R., J. Cummings-Carlson, D.G. McCullough, and D.O. Lantagne. 1995. Pesticides for use in conifer nursery production in the North Central region. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-2593. East Lansing, MI. 41 p.

Pine Needle Scale
Bishop, D. B., D.G. McCullough, and T. Ellis. 1994. Scale insects of Christmas trees. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-2477. East Lansing, MI. 4 p.

Pine Root Collar Weevil
Eliason, E.A. and D.G. McCullough. 1995. Life history and control of pine root collar weevil in Christmas tree fields. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-2560. East Lansing, MI. 2 p.

Wilson, L.F. and I. Millers. 1983. Pine root collar weevil—its ecology and management. USDA Forest Service, Tech. Bull. 1675. Washington, D.C. 34 p.

Pine Shoot Beetle
McCullough, D.G. and C. Sadof. 1996. Pine shoot beetle compliance program for Christmas trees: a manual for Christmas tree growers. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-2615. East Lansing, MI. 15 p.

Pine Spittlebug
Wilson, Louis F. 1991. Pine spittlebug—its ecology and management. USDA Forest Service, Agric. Handb. 695. 18 p.

Wilson, L.F. and D.G. Mosher. 1981. How to identify and control pine spittlebug. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, HT-52. 5 p.

Pine Tortoise Scale
Bishop, D. B., D.G. McCullough, and T. Ellis. 1994. Scale insects of Christmas trees. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-2477. East Lansing, MI. 4 p.

Redheaded Pine Sawfly
Wilson, L.F. and R.D. Averill. 1978. Redheaded pine sawfly. USDA Forest Service, For. Insect and Dis. Leafl. 14. Washington, D.C. 4 p.

Wilson, L.F., R.C. Wilkinson Jr. and R.C. Averill. 1992. Redheaded pine sawfly—its ecology and management. USDA Forest Service, Agric. Handb. 694. Washington, D.C. 54 p.

Rhabdocline Needlecast
Skilling, D.D. and H.L. Morton. 1983. How to identify and control Rhabdocline and Swiss needlecasts of Douglas-fir. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. HT-59. 7 p.

Rhizosphaera Needle Disease
Albers, M., J. Albers, J. Cummings-Carlson, L. Haugen, and Wenner. 1996. Rhizosphaera needle disease of fir. USDA Forest Service, Pest Alert NA-PR-06-96. 1 p.

Heimann, M.F. and G.R. Stanosz. 1995. Colorado blue spruce and other conifers disorder: Rhizosphaera needle blight. Cooperative Extension Publication A2640. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI. 2 p.

Saratoga Spittlebug
Wilson, L.F. 1978. Saratoga spittlebug. USDA Forest Service, For. Insect and Dis. Leafl. 3. 4 p.

Wilson, Louis F. Saratoga spittlebug—its ecology and management. USDA Forest Service, Agric. Handb. 657. Washington, D.C. 56 p.

Scleroderris Canker
Skilling, D.D., J.T. O’Brien, and J.A. Beil. 1979. Scleroderris canker of northern conifers. USDA Forest Service, For. Insect and Dis. Leafl. 130. Washington, D.C. 7 p.

Sphaeropsis Shoot Blight and Canker
Heimann, M.F. and G.R. Stanosz. 1996. Conifers disorders: Sphaeropsis shoot blight and canker. Cooperative Extension Publication A3643. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI. 1 p.

Palmer, M.A. and T. H. Nicholls. 1983. How to identify and control Diplodia shoot blight, collar rot, and canker. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, HT-60. 7 p.

Peterson, G.W. 1981. Diplodia blight of pines. USDA Forest Service, For. Insect and Dis. Leafl. 161. Washington, D.C. 7 p.

Sirococcus Shoot Blight
Nicholls, T.H. and K. Robbins. 1984. Sirococcus shoot blight. USDA Forest Service, For. Insect and Dis. Leafl. 166. Washington, D.C. 6 p.

Spruce Budworm
Kucera, D.R. and P.W. Orr. 1981. Spruce budworm in the eastern United States. USDA Forest Service, For. Insect and Dis. Leafl. 160. Washington, D.C. 7 p.

Swiss Needlecast
Skilling, D.D. and H.L. Morton. 1983. How to identify and control Rhabdocline and Swiss needlecasts of Douglas-fir. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. HT-59. 7 p.

White Pine Blister Rust
Katovich, S. and M. Mielke. 1993. How to manage eastern white pine to minimize damage from blister rust and white pine weevil. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry, NA-FR-01-93. 14 p.

White Pine Weevil
Dimond, J.B. and R.L. Bradbury. 1992. New approaches to chemical control of white pine weevil damage. University of Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Bull. 837. Orono, ME. 13 p.

Hamid, A., T.M. Odell, and S. Katovich. 1995. White pine weevil. USDA Forest Service, For. Insect and Dis. Leafl. 21. Washington, D.C. 10 p.

Katovich, S. and M. Mielke. 1993. How to manage eastern white pine to minimize damage from blister rust and white pine weevil. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry, NA-FR-01-93. 14 p.

Wildlife Damage
Nolte, D.L. and I.J. Otto. 1996. Materials and supplies for management of wildlife damage to trees. USDA Forest Service, Tech. Rep. 9624-2808-MTDC. Tech. and Dev. Program, Missoula, MT. 48 p.

Zimmerman Pine Moth
Eliason, E.A. and D.G. McCullough. 1996. Biology and control of Zimmerman pine moth in Christmas tree fields. Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-2600. East Lansing, MI. 2 p.