GLOSSARY

Burl— A localized swelling on a branch or stem

Canker — A local necrotic lesion on the bark

Conk — A sporophore of a wood decay fungus

Fungus — A nongreen plant with a vegetative body composed of hyphae that reproduces by spores

Gall — A swelling or growth induced by a disease agent

Hyphae — Strands of fungus growth

Punky knots — Branch stubs infected by decay fungi

Slime flux — Bleeding on trees, usually hardwoods, caused by bacterial infections

Spike-top — A tree with a dead top

Spore — The reproductive unit of fungi-may be one or more cells

Sporophores — Fungus fruit bodies composed of hyphae and producing spores

Witches' broom — The result of dense, prolific branching on a branch or stem, usually associated with a disease organism.

SUGGESTED READING

ANDERSON, G.W., T.E. HINDS, and D.M. KNUTSON. 1977. Decay and discoloration of aspen. USDA For. Serv. For. Insect and Disease Leaflet 149. 4 p. BERGER, L., H. HAHN, T.P. McNALLY, and G.B. PINGEL. 1970. Limiting liability when private property is used for outdoor recreation, Volume 1. Legal aspects. University of Nebraska, College of Agriculture, Agr. Experiment Station Bull. 510, 125 p. CALIFORNIA STATE PARK SYSTEM. 1969. Tree hazard control, policy and administration in the California State Park System. Dept. of Parks and Recreation, Resources Management and Protection Division, Sacramento, California. 15 p. FOREST SERVICE, USDA. 1974. Yourtree's trouble maybe you! Agr. Info. Bull. 372. 21 p. FOREST SERVICE, USDA. 1976. Rx for wounded trees. Agr. Info. Bull. 387. 37 p. FOREST SERVICE, USDA. 1976. A tree hurts, too. Agr. Info. Bull. 396. 28 p. GAIDULA, P. 1973. Training needs for field personnel in detection, evaluation, and control of tree hazards in forested recreation areas. IN: Proceedings 21st Western International Work Conf., Estes Park, Colorado. October 1-5, 1973. p. 55-70. HAWKSWORTH, F.G. and S.R. ANDREWS. 1961. Guides for pruning dwarf mistletoe-infected ponderosa pine branches. USDA For. Serv. Rocky Mtn. For. and Range Exp. Sta. Res. Note 64. 3 p. HINDS, T.E. 1976. Aspen mortality in Rocky Mountain campgrounds. USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper, RM-164. 20 p. HINDS, T.E. 1977. Heart rots of Engelmann spruce and subaipine fir in the central Rocky Mountains. USDA For. Serv. For. Insect and Disease Leaflet 150, 8 p. HINDS, T.E. and F.G. HAWKSWORTH. 1966. Indicators and associated decay of Engelmann spruce in Colorado USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper, RM-25. 15 p. HINDS, T.E. and R.G. KREBILL. 1975. Wounds and canker diseases on western aspen. USDA For. Serv. For. Pest Leaflet 152. 9 p. LIGHTLE, P.C. and F.G. HAWKSWORTH. 1973. Is dwarf mistletoe killing ponderosa pines in your recreation areas ? ? ? USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper, RM-1 96. 2 p. MENEFEE, C. 1973. The legal implications of hazards from tree disease and related factors in recreational areas. IN: Proceedings 21st Western International Work Conf., Estes Park, Colorado. October 1-5, 1973. p. 46-54. MILLS, L.J. and K. RUSSELL. 1980. Detection and correction of hazard trees in Washington's recreation areas.-A how-to guide for recreation site managers. Dept. of Natural Resources, State of Washington, Olympia, Washington. DNR Rep. 42, 37 p. PAINE, L.A. 1971. Accident hazard evaluation and control decisions on forested recreation sites. USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper, PSW-68. 10 p. PAINE, L.A. 1973, Administrative goals and safety standards for hazard control on forested recreation sites. USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper. PSW-88. 13 p. PIRONE, P.P. 1972. Tree Maintenance. Oxford University Press. New York. Fourth Ed. 574 p. SHIGO, A.L. 1979. Treedecay-an expanded concept. USDA For. Serv. Agr. Info. Bull. 419. 73 p. WAGENER, W.W. 1963. Judging hazard from nativetrees in California recreation areas:-A guide for professional foresters. USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper, PSW-Pl. 29 p. WALLIS, G.W., D.J. MORRISON, and D.W. ROSS. 1980. Tree hazards in recreation sites in British ColumbiaManagement Guidelines. British Columbia Ministry of Lands, Parks and Housing, Can. For. Serv. Joint Rep. No. 13, 52 p.