Putnam Uplands

Land Type Association (LTA) 221 Ae 06

Figure 3-30. Low relief landscape, Putnam County, New York. Photo by Jeff Wiegert.

This LTA lies wholly within New York State. It is characterized by rolling hills and ridges. The landscape is much less rugged than that in the adjacent New York Hudson Highlands due to the infilling of valleys with glacial till during the Wisconsinan glaciation.

Most of the landscape is covered with glacial till deposits that are deepest in major valleys. Sand and gravel outwash deposits, kames, swamps and bedrock occur but to a minor extent. Mid-slope rock outcrops including cliff and talus formations are more common than the rocky balds that are typical of the New York Hudson Highlands LTA.

The Putnam Uplands LTA lies in the Croton/Hudson drainage basin but these major rivers lie outside the units. Most of the streams within the Putnam Uplands are headwater and small tributary streams.

The soils include very deep, well-drained loamy soils as well as moderately deep to shallow, excessively drained coarse-textured soils. The nearly level valleys are largely occupied by more fertile well-drained loamy soils that formed in sub glacial till. These soils are very deep to bedrock but moderately deep to a densic contact. Soils series include Paxton, Woodbridge, Charlton, Hollis, and Chatfield.

Figure 3-31. Location map of LTA 221 Ae 06.

About a third of the land in the LTA is upland forest. Another 7% is wetland forest. Vegetation in the Putnam Uplands resembles that of the Rockaway Highlands. Ridgetop barrens are rare, oak-dominant forests occupy dry hills and upper slopes, and maple-dominant forests prevail in valleys and on lower slopes. Deep fertile till soils support a diversity of common trees. Any of the following may be co-dominant in the tree canopy of the forest communities: northern red oak, white oak, black oak, chestnut oak, sugar maple, red maple, white ash, and American elm. Less common, but widespread are tuliptree, American beech, pignut hickory, bitternut hickory and white pine. Sassafras, basswood, black gum, shagbark hickory and eastern hemlock are found locally in special habitats.

Almost half the land in this LTA is developed. There is only a small amount of agricultural land.

Figure 3-32. Oak forest, Putnam County, New York. Photo by Jeff Weigert.

New York Highlands Valleys

Land Type Association (LTA) 221 Ae 07

Figure 3-34. Ramapo River near Sloatsburg, New York. Photo by Arlene Miller.

The New York Highlands Valleys land type association consists of multiple occurrences of valleys, gorges and ravines that dissect the New York Hudson Highlands LTA 221 Ae 05. The Moodna Creek, Ramapo River and Mahwah River valleys comprise one unit. There are five smaller valleys east of the Hudson River. New York State Route 9 runs along Clove Creek Valley, which drains north from the north rim of the Hudson Highlands into the Hudson Valley subsection (221 Ba) in the Town of Fishkill. Canopus Brook Valley and Peekskill Hollow Valley descend southwest to converge, merge, and enter Annesville Creek flowing into the Hudson River. The Muddy Brook and Upper East Branch Croton River Valleys dissect the Northern Highlands ridge near the Connecticut boundary. The Upper East Branch Croton River Valley contains the Great Swamp, the largest contiguous wetland area in the greater New York Hudson Highlands. The Muddy Brook and Upper East Branch Croton River Valleys dissect the Northern Highlands ridge near the Connecticut boundary. The Upper East Branch Croton River Valley contains the Great Swamp, the largest contiguous wetland area in the greater New York Hudson Highlands.

Glacially derived parent materials, primarily outwash sand and gravel, till, kame deposits and recent alluvium, characterize the LTA.

Figure 3-35. Location map of LTA 221 Ae 07.

Soils formed in outwash tend to be very deep and somewhat excessively drained soils. Soils formed in till are more likely to be well-drained loamy soils. Soil series include Hoosic, Windsor, Limerick, Charlton, Hollis, Chatfield and Limerick.

Half of this LTA is forestland and most of it is upland forest (45%). The most common trees are mesophytes such as sugar maple, black oak, white ash, American beech, basswood, tuliptree, bitternut hickory and white pine, or species with a wide moisture tolerance such as red maple, northern red oak, white oak, and eastern hemlock. These valleys contain limited areas of floodplain or swampland, with characteristic trees such as silver maple, ash-leaf maple, green ash, cottonwood, basswood and sycamore. Spicebush and northern arrow wood are common under story shrubs. Although forest associations prevail, there are also areas of shrub swamp and shallow marsh along the floodplains of major streams. The Great Swamp valley unit in eastern Putnam Country contains a very large (approximately 6,000 acres) and diverse wetland complex, draining north into the Housatonic River watershed, and south into the Croton River watershed. Thus the Great Swamp valley is critical to a number of local and municipal water supplies, including that of New York City (Croton Reservoir).

Almost a third of this LTA is developed land. There is limited agricultural activity. All of the valleys have a long history of use as transportation corridors. The Ramapo Valley is traversed by both the New York State Thruway and New York State Route 17. The Peekskill Hollow and Canopus Brook Valleys are the least disturbed.

Figure 3-37. Alluvial plain on the Ramapo River. Photo by Martina Hoppe, 2003.

Photo by Martina Hoppe

Parker-Edneyville Highlands

Land Type Association (LTA) 221 Am 01

Figure 3-38. Fractured bedrock in South Branch of Raritan River, Ken Lockwood Gorge, Hunterdon County, New Jersey. Photo by Dave MacFarlane.

The Parker-Edneyville Highlands land type association includes portions of the New Jersey Highlands, south of the terminal moraine of the Wisconsinan glacier, where soils are derived from deeply weathered fragments of gneiss rock. The landscape is characterized by broad mountains, which are subdivided into northeast-southwest trending belts by deep, narrow valleys. Some of the mountain belts are deeply dissected into and crosscut by narrow gorges, creating clusters of “hilly” mountains. Toe-slopes, foothills and the drainages of mountain streams are mostly filled with transported colluvium (fractured bedrock) and residuum (old glacial till) from the Kansan and Illinoian glaciers.

The LTA includes the headwaters of the Raritan, Upper Delaware, and Passaic drainage basins. Lakes, ponds and reservoirs make up only a small portion of these highlands.

Figure 3-39. Location map of LTA 221 Am 01.

The soils of these highlands are generally deep and stony and have been deeply weathered, unlike soils in the New York–New Jersey Highlands to the north. Substantial weathering of the generally mineral-rich gneiss rock moderates what would otherwise be generally poor, acidic mountain soil. Soils are generally well drained, although the coarse texture of the soils and steep topography create excessively drained conditions in many places. Impeded drainage is also much less common on uplands that it is in the Rockaway Highlands to the north, where glacial compacted materials in the subsoil trap percolating rainwater. In the Parker-Edneyville Highlands, most of the areas with impeded drainage occur on upland flats, toe slopes, drainage ways and depressions that contain deeply weathered old glacial till, or in other areas where compacted materials are present in the subsoil. Major soil series include park Edneyville, Annandale, Califon and Cokesbury.

Natural plant communities cover a substantial portion of these highlands. Most of these are upland forests (54%) that have regenerated on fallow agricultural land or cutover timberland. Forested wetlands make up a minor portion of the landscape. Common forest trees include a diverse mixture of white oak, black oak, northern red oak, sugar maple, American beech, black birch, red maple, white ash, sassafras, and tulip tee. Tulip tree was the most abundant species in many places, probably because of the abundance of deep, well-drained mountain soils found throughout the LTA. Red maple and white ash are most common on wet, rocky flats. Chestnut oak and scarlet oak are sometimes common hilltops and rocky plateaus.

Basswood, shagbark hickory, yellow birch, black gum, and American elm are somewhat common, particularly on rocky flats and gentle slopes where drainage is impeded by a fragipan. Pignut, butternut and mockernut hickory are sometimes present on slopes a hilltops. Eastern hemlock is scattered throughout, mainly occurring on steep shady slopes and in the forest under story.

Agriculture is still common accounting for about 13% of all land use. Nearly a quarter of the land in Parker-Edneyville Highlands LTA is developed, primarily for residential purposes.

Musconetcong and Upper Raritan Valleys

Land Type Association (LTA) 221 Am 02

Figure 3-42. A farm in Long Valley on a well-drained limestone till slope. Photo reprinted from MacFarlane and Dunn, 2002.

The Musconetcong and Upper Raritan Valleys land type association includes a number of large and small valleys, gorges and ravines that dissect the Reading Prong Subsection. A mixture of, primarily, young (Wisconsinan) and old (Kansan and Illinoian) glacial drift deposits and frost-worked colluvium from surrounding limestone and gneiss bedrock cover the valley. More recently deposited alluvial materials are present along the floodplains of rivers and streams. In some places, outcrops of bedrock are present, including a few small ridges. Glacial drift deposits in the valleys have been worked and reworked over long time periods creating a rolling “hill and hollow” topography in the valleys. A limited “karst topography” consisting of sinks, underground streams and caverns, has developed in some of the limestone formations.

The Musconetcong Valley is dominated by limestone bedrock, which the Musconetcong River was able to wear away over time (this material is softer than the hard gneiss rock of the parker-Edneyville Highlands that surrounds it). Surface materials consist mostly of limestone till and colluvium, which are variably mixed with gneiss till and stratified gneiss drift. The Musconetcong River flows through the Musconetcong valley out into the Delaware River. Long Valley, the largest of the Upper Raritan Valleys, is similar geologically to the Musconetcong, while the rest of them are dominated primarily by gneiss drift materials. The South Branch Raritan River flows through Long Valley, eventually joining the main body of the Raritan River, which flows into the Raritan Bay.

Figure 3-43. Location map of LTA 221 Am 02.

The Black River, Lamington River and North Branch Raritan River, flow through the other smaller valleys, and also eventually flow into the main body of the Raritan River. In some places, where streams have carved directly through gneiss bedrock, these valleys are quite narrow.

The soils in this LTA are a mixture of stratified silty or sandy loams (mixed frequently with stones and gravel), limestone and gneiss till and alluvial soils. These soils developed in glacial till and drift scoured from local bedrock or transported by glacial outwash streams. Beds of stratified silt and clay are sometimes common on lowland plains, where glacial lakes once stood, impeding soil drainage. In many areas, soils naturally enriched with calcium and magnesium, from dolomitic limestone, chert and marble or fossilized organic materials (found in carbonaceous rock formations). Major soil series include Hero, Hazen, Fredon, Halsey, Bartley, Duffield, Washington, Turbotville, Otisville, Riverhead, Pompton, Preakness, Carlisle and Adrian.

Natural plant communities cover less than a third of the landscape in the LTA, most of which have regenerated on fallow farmland. Forests comprise over a fifth of the landscape, upland forests are most extensive (16%) than wetland forests (6%). Upland forests are found mostly on steep hillsides or rocky limestone ledges. These are mostly young woodlands consisting mainly of black cherry, red maple, aspen, gray birch and eastern red cedar, along with occasional dense populations of black locust and ailanthus. Common trees in mature forests include a diverse mixture of tulip tree, white ash, red maple, sugar maple, black birch, American beech, northern red oak, white oak, yellow birch, American elm, black oak, shagbark hickory, black gum, pignut hickory, mockernut hickory, bitternut hickory, black walnut, and basswood. Chestnut oak, scarlet oak and white pine are occasionally present but are mostly limited to hilltops or exceptionally sandy and gravelly stream terraces. Flowering dogwood, iron wood and sassafras are common under story trees throughout. Forested wetlands (swamps) cover a small part of the landscape. Pin oak, swamp white oak, yellow birch, and black gum are all common trees in swamps, which occur mainly on low-lying river terraces and on floodplains, along the courses of rivers and streams. Sycamore, river birch, elm and green ash are abundant along stream banks and on floodplains. Non-forested natural plant communities cover a substantial portion of the landscape, including large areas of shrub and grassland communities, which have developed on more recently abandoned agricultural lands and large areas of freshwater marshlands, shrub-marshes and peaty meadows.

The generally deep, rich soils of these valleys have been farmed for a long time and over a third of the land is cultivated. About 29% is developed land.

3-3. References

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Anderson, M.; Bourgeron, P.; Bryer, M.T.; Crawford, R.; Engelking, L.; Faber-Langendoen, D.; Gallyoun, M.; Goodin, K.; Grossman, D.H.; Landaal, S.; Metzler, K.; Patterson, K.D.; Pyne, M.; Reid, M.; Sneddon, L.; Weakley, A.S. 1998. International classification of ecological communities: terrestrial vegetation of the United States. Vol. II. The National Vegetation Classification System: list of types. Arlington, VA: The Nature Conservancy. 502 p.

Bailey, Robert G. Compiler. 1995. Description of the Ecoregions of the United States, 2^nd ed. Rev. and expanded (1^st ed. 1980). USDA Forest Service Miscellaneous Publication 1391 (rev.). Washington D.C. 108 p. with separate map at 1:7,5000,000.

Bailey, R.G.; Avers, P.E.; King, T.; McNab, W.H.; eds. 1994. Ecoregions and subregions of the United States. Washington, DC. U.S. Geological Survey, Scale 1:7,500,000, colored, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. [Map]

Barbour, Spider 2002. Personal communication. A first approximation of United States National Vegetation Classification System forest communities (NVCS) and comparable State Natural Heritage Communities) occurring in Land Type Associations (LTAs) in the New York Hudson Highlands Subsection 221Ae in New York State. (Barbour 2002; Lundgren 2000; Lundgren 2001; Edinger 2002; Reschke 1990).

C. Carpenter and M. L. Smith 1995. What do ecological unit boundaries mean? The dual role of ecological units in ecosystem analysis: examples from the New England and New York States. In J. E. Thompson, USDA Forest Service, Proceedings, Analysis Workshop III: analysis in support of ecosystem management. Fort Collins, CO. April 10-13.

Cleland, David T., Avers, Peter E., McNab, W. Henry, Jensen, Mark E., Bailey, Robert G., King, Thomas, Russell, Walter E. National Hierarchical Framework of Ecological Units published in Ecosystem Management: applications for Sustainable Forest and Wildlife Resources, Boyce, Mark S. and Haney, Alan, editors. Yale University Press, New Haven & London. 1997. pp 181-200. http://www.ncrs.fs.fed.us/gla/.

Edinger, G., D.J. Evans, S. Gebauer, T.G. Howard, D.M. Hunt, A.M. Olivero, eds. 2002. Ecological Communities of new York State, Second Edition: A revised and expanded edition of Carol Rescke’s Ecological Communities of New York State. New York Natural Heritage Program. Albany, New York. 2002. 136 p.

Ehlers, E. and H. Blatt, 1982. Petrology: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic, publ. W.H. Freeman and Co.

Environmental System Research Institute, Inc (ESRI). 1994. Understanding GIS: The Arc/Info Method. Redlands, CA.

Grant F. Walton Center for Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis (CRSSA) 2002. New York–New Jersey Highlands Region 2000 level 3 land cover data. 14 College Farm Road, Environmental and Natural Resources Building, Cook College-Rutgers University. New Brunswick, NJ USA 08901-8551. Tel 732-932-1582. Fax: 732-932-2587. Web: http://www.crssa.rutgers.edu/.

Grossman, D.H., D. Faber-Langendoen, A.S. Weakley, M. Anderson, P.Bourgeron, R. Crawfrd, K. Goodin, S. Landaal, K. Metzler, K.D. Patterson, M. Pyne, M. Reid, and L. Sneddon. 1998. International classification of ecological communities: Terrestrial vegetation of the United States. Volume I. The National Vegetation Classification System: Development, status, and applications. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia.

Isachsen, Y.W., E. Landing, J.M. Lauber, L.V. Rickard, and W.B. Rogers, editors. 1991. Geology of New York, a Simplified Account. New York State Museum/Geological Survey. The State Education Department, The University of the State of New York, Albany, NY 12230, 1991. 265 pages.

Keys, Jr., J. Carpenter, C.; Hooks, S.; Koenig, F.; McNab, W.H.; Russell, W.; Smith, M.L. 1995. Ecological units of the eastern United States–first approximation (map and booklet of map unit tables), Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Presentation scale 1:3,500,000; colored.

Klein, C. and C. Hurlbut, Jr., 1985.Manual of Mineralogy, 20th Ed., publ. John Wiley & Sons.

Kuchler, A.W. 1964. Potential natural vegetation of the conterminous United States. Special Publication 36. New York, NY: American Geographical Society 116 p.

Lundgren, Julie A. (ed.) 2000. Plant communities of the Lower New England –Northern Piedmont Ecoregion June 2000. The Nature Conservancy Conservation Science Eastern Region. Boston, MA Adapted from: Sneddon, L., Anderson, M.; and Lundgren, J.; 1998. International classification of ecological communities: Terrestrial vegetation of the northeastern United States. January 1999 working draft. Association for Biodiversity Information/The Nature Conservancy, Eastern Resource Office, and Natural Heritage Programs of the Northeastern United States. Boston. MA.

Lundgren, J.A. 2001. Plant Communities of the High Allegheny Plateau Ecoregion: Draft Revisions to the National Vegetation classification 3/2000 subset. Natural Heritage Central Databases. The Association for Biodiversity Information, Arlington, VA and The Nature Conservancy–Eastern Regional Office, Boston, MA. 71 pages plus appendixes.

MacFarlane, Dave and James Dunn 2002. Landscape Classification for the Highlands of New Jersey, NJ ECOMAP Pub. #2. New Jersey Division of Parks and Forestry, New Jersey Forest Service, CN 404, Trenton, New Jersey, 08625. 114 p.

McNab, W. Henry and Avers, Peter E. Compilers 1994. Ecological Subregions of the United States: Section Descriptions. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Ecosystem Management Washington, DC July 1994. WO-WSA-5. 219 pp.

New Jersey Geological Survey 1990. Surficial Geology Map of Northern New Jersey. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Science and Research, Geological Survey, 29 Artic Parkway, Trenton, NJ. Tel: 609-292-2576.

New Jersey Geological Survey. 2000. The Bedrock Geologic Map of Northern New Jersey, U.S. Geological Survey Map I-2540-A. 1:250,000 scale data. UTM Zone 18, North American Datum (NAD). New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Science and Research, Geological Survey, 29 Arctic Parkway, Trenton New Jersey. Tel: 609-292-2576. www.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/envired/geolmap.htm.

New York Museum/New York State Geological Survey, 1999. Bedrock Geology. New York State Museum/New York State Geological Survey, 3162 Cultural Education Center, Albany, NY 12230. Tel: 518-474-5818. http://ww.nysm.nysed.gov/gis.html.

New York Museum/New York State Geological Survey. 1999. Surficial geology. 1:250,000 scale data. UTM Zone 18, NAD83 New York State Museum/New York State Geological Survey, 3162 Cultural Education Center, Albany, NY 12230. Tel: 518-474-5818. http://ww.nysm.nysed.gov/gis.html.

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYS DEC) 2000. Landforms. Division of Lands and Forests, GIS Section, NYS DEC, Albany, New York 12233. Tel: 518-402-9428.

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYS DEC) 2000. Landforms. Derived from 10 meter digital elevation model produced by Division of Lands and Forests GIS Section NYSDEC, Albany, Albany, NY 12233. Tel: 518-402-9428.

Phelps, M.G. and M. C. Hoppe (compilers) 2002. New York–New Jersey Highlands Regional Study: 2002 Update. NA-TP-02-03. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry, Newtown Square, PA.

Prothero, D. 1990. Interpreting the Stratigraphic Record, publ. W.H. Freeman and Co.

Reschke, C. 1990. Ecological Communities of New York State. New York Natural Heritage Program. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Latham, New York.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. Agr. Handbook 436. Washington, DC: 869 pp.

United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service 2001. Soil Survey Division. Official Soil Series Descriptions [Online WWW]. Available URL: "http://www.statlab.iastate.edu/soils/osd/" [Accessed March 23, 2001].

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1994 STATSGO soils (digital map theme) 1:250,000 scale data. UTM Zone 18, NAD83. The approximate minimum area delineated is 625 hectares (1,544 acres), which is represented on a 1:250,000-scale map by an area approximately 1 cm by 1 cm (0.4 inch by 0.4 inch). http://dbwww.essc.psu.edu/dbtop/doc/statsgo/statsgo_info.html#over

United States Geological Survey 2003. Draft Glossary, commonly used terms in the Vegetation Mapping Program. United States Geological Survey and National Park Service Vegetation Mapping Program Website. [Accessed March 18, 2002]. http://biology.usgs.gov/npsveg/glossary.html.

Appendix 3-A. Land Aspect

Table 3-A. Distribution (acres) of land by aspect for Land Type Associations in the New York–New Jersey Highlands Subsection 221 Ae and the Reading Prong Subsection 221 Am (NYS DEC 2000).

LTA	Ae 01	Ae 02	Ae 03	Ae 04	Ae 05	Ae 06	Ae 07	Am 01	Am 02
Aspect
Flat	3,569	23,660	7,564	166	41,734	5,460	6,328	1,144	2,655
North	14,445	120,002	30,562	5,490	118,222	8,037	7,439	107,565	31,696
Northeast	11,448	109,092	22,292	2,729	110,275	9,972	8,257	73,966	21,845
East	29,395	180,826	32,258	3,312	191,833	26,133	15,108	113,915	38,687
Southeast	40,009	207,025	39,728	8,712	199,504	15,258	14,444	187,561	70,874
South	14,234	123,169	24,969	5,043	117,386	10,619	5,929	130,761	53,320
Southwest	12,465	104,466	21,503	2,634	110,555	12,465	6,602	85,202	38,359
West	29,173	180,223	33,803	4,325	193,983	25,005	18,074	108,368	48,454
Northwest	47,202	212,412	53,981	9,573	198,633	14,587	17,511	170,762	56,555

Appendix 3-B. Slope

Table 3-B. Distribution (acres) of land by percent slope for Land Type Associations (LTA) in the New York–New Jersey Highlands Subsection 221 Ae and Reading Prong Subsection 221 Am (NYS DEC 2000).

LTA	Ae 01	Ae 02	Ae 03	Ae 04	Ae 05	Ae 06	Ae 07	Am 01	Am 02
Slope
0-6 %	58,002	388,107	155,689	4,385	268,285	56,691	44,751	283,767	252,419
6-12 %	53,487	348,260	67,337	8,877	285,555	39,717	23,015	333,625	82,173
12-24 %	56,676	376,941	38,267	15,625	433,331	27,498	22,472	281,361	24,534
24-36 %	21,277	107,346	4,775	8,309	190,080	3,111	7,045	64,390	2,828
36-60 %	11,434	37,409	584	4,397	93,179	511	2,255	15,562	486
60-84 %	1,003	2,650	8	364	10,171	8	173	526	5
>84 %	41	162	-	27	1,520	-	11	13	-

Appendix 3-C. Elevation

Table 3-C. Distribution (acres) of land by elevation class for Land Type Associations (LTA) in the New York–New Jersey Highlands Subsection 221 Ae and Reading Prong Subsection 221 Am (NYS DEC 2000).

LTA	Ae 01	Ae 02	Ae 03	Ae 04	Ae 05	Ae 06	Ae 07	Am 01	Am 02
Elevation
0–200 feet	0	471	287	0	54,362	1,264	6,633	896	7,830
200–400 feet	2,408	66,080	14,133	8	81,567	19,193	31,603	65191	161,688
400–600 feet	19,746	164,129	118,887	6,930	238,965	74,755	45,859	225,993	128,073
600–800 feet	60,523	296,131	105,078	16,130	343,380	31,762	14,426	316,229	58,974
800–1,000 feet	53,614	341,740	26,349	14,804	332,362	562	1,170	272,332	5,704
>1,000 feet	65,649	392,324	1,926	4,112	231,280	-	1	98,603	176

Appendix 3-D. Bedrock

Table 3–D. Distribution (acres) of land by bedrock composition for Land Type Associations (LTA) in the New York–New Jersey Highlands Subsection 221 Ae and Reading Prong 221 Am. (N.J. Geological Survey 2000; NYS Museum / NYS Geological Survey 1992).

LTA	Ae 01	Ae 02	Ae 03	Ae 04	Ae 05	Ae 06	Ae 07	Am 01	Am 02
Bedrock
Amphibolite	110	12,668	1,127	143	56,051	-	3,971	10,857	1,405
Basalt	-	-	255	-	-	-	-	-	-
Conglomerate	18,439	6.617	982	-	-	-	2,098	2,282	1,508
Dolostone	-	5,198	18,104	250	6,715	-	9,602	19,629	55,996
Gneiss	5,953	141,820	13,639	5,494	209,722	25,798	9,675	83,119	7,069
Granite	2,582	89,431	6,981	3,169	-	1,296	-	87,483	4,155
Limestone	335	-	523	-	-	-	-	-	2,960
Marble	-	4,649	5,113	264	-	542	1,622	-	441
Phyllite/Schist	-	-	-	-	2,770	-	639	-	-
Quartzite	-	-	-	-	2,304	614	-	-	-
Sandstone	5,088	4,176	2,442	114	-	-	-	3,582	1,622
Shale	2,918	3,140	2,112	-	-	-	-	-	9,902
Ultramafic	-	21,275	-	-	-	-	-	22,747	-
Unconsolidated sediments	-	-	-	-	-	-	271	-	-

Appendix 3-E. Surficial Geology

Table 3-E. Distribution (acres) of land by surface geology class for Land Type Associations (LTA) in the New York–New Jersey Highlands 221 Ae and Reading Prong 221 Am.

LTA	Ae 01	Ae 02	Ae 03	Ae 04	Ae 05	Ae 06	Ae 07	Am 01	Am 02
Surface geology
Thin till and rock outcrop*	17,838	159,954	8,857	6,752	54,371	404	1,094	29	-
Till**	22,818	81,855	17,687	677	215,152	25,897	6,466	339	59
Glaciofluvial and glacio-lacustrine deposits***	2,838	18,132	22,448	153	1,611	748	7,264	2,677	9,036
Ice contact deposits****	1,035	4,208	1,284	-	5,361	639	2,849	-	-
Morainic deposits	30	12,820	5,150	421	-	-	-	3,099	286
Alluvial, colluvial, and weathered bedrock*****	190	3,814	1,288	1,313	880	5	2,726	203,410	59,184
Swamp deposits	135	-	951	-	473	660	-	-	-
Pre-Wisconsin Age till+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	7,311	11,406
Pre-Wisconsin Age glacio-fluvial and glaciolacustrine deposits++	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	823	590
TOTAL	44,884	280,783	57,665	9,316	277,848	28,353	20,399	217,688	80,561

* Combined categories: thin till and rock outcrop in New Jersey; bedrock in New York.

** Combined categories: continuous till, in New Jersey; till in New York.

*** Combined categories: deltaic and lacustrine-fan, fluvial over lacustrine, lake-bottom, and fluvial deposits in New Jersey; outwash sand and gravel in New York.

**** Combined categories: ice contact deposits in New Jersey; kame deposits in New York.

*****Combined categories: colluvial and alluvial deposits and weathered bedrock material in New Jersey with recent alluvium and alluvial fan in New York.

+ Combined categories: till (Illinoian age), till (Jerseyan age), morainic deposits (Illinoian) in New Jersey.

++ Combined categories: deltaic and lacustrine fan (Illinoian), fluvial and deltaic (Jerseyan), fluvial (Illinoian) in New Jersey.

Appendix 3-F. New York–New Jersey Highlands Region 200 Level 3 Land Cover Data.

Table 3-F. Distribution (percent) of land cover and land use for Land Type Associations (LTA) in the New York–New Jersey Highlands Subsections 221 Ae and the Reading Prong Subsection 221 Am (CRSSA 2002).

LTA	Ae 01	Ae 02	Ae 03	Ae 04	Ae 05	Ae 06	Ae 07	Am 01	Am 02
Categories*
Developed land	17	17	29	6	13	49	31	24	29
Cultivated land	2	1	13	3	1	3	5	13	38
Grassland	1	1	6	4	1	2	3	3	6
Upland forest	69	67	31	85	75	33	45	54	16
Barren soil/rock	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	1
Riverine / lacustrine / palustrine emergent marsh: mixed species	1	1	7	0	1	1	3	1	2
Wetland forest	5	7	10	1	3	7	7	4	6
Open water	5	5	3	1	5	5	5	1	2

* Categories are groups of remotely sensed classes described below.

Categories/Classes collapsed for use in the section.

Developed

111 Developed: highly (>75% impervious surface)

112 Developed: moderately (50-75% impervious surface)

113 Developed: lightly-wooded (25-50% impervious surface)

114 Developed: lightly – not wooded (25-50% impervious surface)

Cultivated

120 Cultivated (actively tilled, fallow and recently abandoned)

Grassland

131 Grassland: unmanaged (grazed land, old fields, abandoned land)

132 Grassland: managed (golf courses, residential/corporate lawn, parks)

133 Grassland: airports

Upland Forest

141 Upland forest: deciduous (>66% deciduous)

142 Upland forest: mixed deciduous/coniferous

143 Upland forest: coniferous (>66% evergreen)

145 Upland forest: scrub/shrub)

Wetland forest

241 Wetland forest: deciduous (>66% deciduous)

242 Wetland forest: mixed deciduous/coniferous

243 Wetland forest: coniferous (>66% coniferous)

245 Wetland scrub/shrub: mixed deciduous/evergreen

Barren soil/rock

160 Barren soil/rock (sand/gravel pits, barren < 25% vegetation)

200 Unconsolidated shore

Riverine/lacustrine/palustrine emergent marsh: mixed species

230 Riverine/lacustrine/palustrine emergent marshes: mixed species

Open water

252 Riverine/lacustrine/palustrine open water

Not charted due to absence or less than 1% of total composition.

210 Estuarine Emergent Wetland

251 Marine/Estuarine Open water.

The Highlands study regional 2000 land cover, currently in its draft version, is an update of 1999 and 2000 land use data merged with the 1995 land cover data. The land use updates used spectral merges of 1999/2000 SPOT panchromatic image mosaics (10-meter resolution) and Landsat 7 ETM+ September 23, 1999 imagery. The 1995 land cover was derived primarily from the classification of Landsat thematic mapper satellite imagery dated November 4, 1994 and September 4, 1995. Additionally, ancillary data from a variety of sources were used to aid in the mapping procedures.

The land covered is clipped by the geographic extent of the 99/00 land use updates: in New Jersey by any 3.75 minute quarter quadrangle which overlaps with the New York-New Jersey highlands study area boundary. In New York, the updates are bound by the study area boundary except for Westchester Country.

Currently no metadata document exists for this draft data set, however, listed below are characteristics of the land cover data. The level 3 land cover data are provided by CRSSA as-is and are intended for further copying and dissemination. These data have not yet been accuracy assessed.

Format: Arc Info raster grid (A/I vers. 8.1)

Grid name: nynhjpre00nmcr

Grid cell resolution: 30 x 30 meters

Geo-reference information: projection UTM, Spheroid: GRS 1980; Datun: NAD83; Units: Meters; UTM Zone 18.

Appendix 3-G. STATSGO soil units.

The tables provided below were developed by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Geographic Information Systems Group in 2001 and 2002 using STATSGO map unit digital data (USDA NRCS 1994).

This data set is a digital general soil association map developed by the National Cooperative Soil Survey and distributed by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly Soil Conservation Service) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It consists of a broad based inventory of soils and nonsoil areas that occur in a repeatable pattern on the landscape and that can be cartographically shown at the scale mapped. The soil maps for STATSGO are compiled by generalizing more detailed soil survey maps. Where more detailed soil survey maps are not available, data on geology, topography, vegetation, and climate are assembled, together with Land Remote Sensing Satellite (LANDSAT) images. Soils of like areas are studied, and the probable classification and extent of the soils are determined.

The approximate minimum area delineated is 625 hectares (1,544 acres), which is represented on a 1:250,000-scale map by an area approximately 1 cm by 1 cm (0.4 inch by 0.4 inch). Linear delineations are not less than 0.5 cm (0.2 inch) in width. The number of delineations per 1:250,000 quadrangle typically is 100 to 200, but may range up to 400. Delineations depict the dominant soils making up the landscape. Other dissimilar soils, too small to be delineated, are present within a delineation. (USDA NRCS 1994).

Table 3-G.1. Distribution (acres) of STATSGO soil map units in the Bearfort, Kanouse, Bellevale, and Schunemunk Mountains Land Type Association 221 Ae 01 in New Jersey and New York. (USDA NRCS 1994).

Map Unit Identification	Map Unit Name	Acres	Percent
NJ002	Swartswood-Oquaga-Rock Outcrop	19,216	42.81%
NY156	Bernardston-Nassau-Mardin	10,519	23.43%
NY050	Arnot-Oquaga-Lordstown	10,085	22.47%
NY157	Charlton-Hollis-Chatfield	1,783	3.97%
NJ010	Rockaway-Rock Outcrop-Hibernia	1,150	2.56%
NJW	Water	603	1.34%
NY149	Hoosic-Windsor-Limerick	601	1.34%
NY038	Swartswood-Oquaga-Rock Outcrop	586	1.31%
NY080	Madalin-Rhinebeck-Canadice	189	0.42%
NY136	Wellsboro-Wurtsboro-Lackawanna	107	0.24%
NY039	Rockaway-Rock Outcrop-Hibernia	47	0.10%

Table 3-G.2. Distribution (acres) of STATSGO soil map units in the Rockaway Highlands Land Type Association 221 Ae 02 in New Jersey and New York (USDA NRCS 1994).

Map Unit Identification	Map Unit Name	Acres	Percent
NJ10	Rockaway-Rock Outcrop-Hibernia	218,052	77.80%
NJ001	Hazen-Chenango-Riverhead	12,207	4.36%
NY039	Swartswood-Oquaga-Rock Outcrop	11,536	4.12%
NJW	Water	6,999	2.50%
NJ011	Washington-Wassaic-Bartley	6,036	2.15%
NJ009	Carlisle-Sloan-Palmyra	5,648	2.02%
NJ012	Urban Land-Dunellen-Riverhead	4,906	1.75%
NJ015	Parker-Gladstone-Califon	3,928	1.40%
NJ002	Swartswood-Oquaga-Rock Outcrop	3,576	1.28%
NY157	Charlton-Hollis-Chatfield	2,233	0.80%
NY001	Stockbridge-Georgia-Farmington	1,753	0.63%
NJ004	Carlisle-Palms-Wallkill	866	0.31%
NY141	Palms-Carlisle-Edwards	731	0.26%
NJ005	Stockbridge-Georgia-Farmington	639	0.23%
NY173	Carlisle-Palms-Wallkill	589	0.21%
NJ017	Washington-Annandale-Bartley	446	0.16%
NY149	Hoosic-Windsor-Limerick	111	0.04%
NY136	Wellsboro-Wurtsboro-Lackawana	14	0.00%
NY171	Urban Land-Dunellen-Riverhead	7	0.00%

Table 3-G.3. Distribution (acres) of STATSGO soil map units in the New Jersey Highlands Valleys Land Type Association 221 Ae 03 in New Jersey and New York. (USDA NRCS 1994).

Map Unit Identification	Map Unit Name	Acres	Percent
NJ001	Hazen-Chenango-Riverhead	11,753	0.20
NJ010	Rockaway-Rock Outcrop-Hibernia	8,893	0.15
NJ017	Washington-Annandale-Bartley	6,212	0.10
NY156	Bernardston-Nassau-Mardin	5,932	0.10
NJ011	Washington-Wassaic-Bartley	5,493	0.09
NY149	Hoosic-Windsor-Limerick	4,614	0.08
NJ004	Carlisle-Palms-Wallkill	3,643	0.06
NJ015	Parker-Gladstone-Califon	2,675	0.05
NJ005	Stockbridge-Georgia-Farmington	2,624	0.04
NY080	Madalin-Rhinebeck-Canadice	2,018	0.03
NJ012	Urban Land-Dunellen-Riverhead	1,380	0.02
NJ002	Swartswoord-Oquaga-Rock Outcrop	943	0.02
NJ009	Carlisle-Sloan-Palmya	849	0.01
NY001	Stockbridge-Geogia-Farmington	711	0.01
NY173	Carlisle-Palms-Wallkill