References

10.1 Chapter Outline

     I. Literature Review
          A. General Reviews
          B. Disaster Planning
          C. Disaster Recovery
     II. Literature Cited

10.2 Literature Review

A recently published document by the Council of Planning Librarians entitled "Planning for high-wind disasters: tornadoes, hurricanes and severe storms, a partially annotated bibliography" annotates and lists books, compendia, journal articles, reports, symposia and related publications (Obermeyer 1989). This document would serve as an excellent resource for disaster mitigation planners. Note that American Forests, The International Society of Arboriculture and The National Arbor Day Foundation citations are not included in Obermeyer's compilation.

After reviewing the work by Obermeyer and others, documents were found to be listed under three categories related to managing the urban forest to mitigate natural disasters. These references include: 1) general reviews, 2) disaster planning, and 3) disaster recovery.

A. GENERAL REVIEWS

Nalivkin's (1982) work provides a global review of natural disasters. He cites a broad array of disasters and their geographic affinities as well as geological relationships. Nalivkin provides numerous examples of dust storms, floods, hail and ice damage, hurricanes, snowstorms, tornadoes, and thunderstorm squalls which were documented and recorded as occurring in the northeastern United States. He uses lithographs, aerial and surface photographs, and diagrams of fallen tree positions to illustrate and support his text.

Gibilsco (1984) wrote an excellent, popularized narration of storms and violent weather. in his descriptions and portrayals, he includes how to avert flood damage, how to prepare for hurricanes and tornadoes, and how to survive a blizzard.

B. DISASTER PLANNING

Foster's (1980) thesis on disaster planning emphasizes safety and the preservation of life and property. He promotes an urban community scenario which emphasizes that municipal staff, equipment and information is usually available to implement many of the stages of disaster mitigation. He stresses, however, that a redefinition of departmental roles, a change in emphasis, and a strong commitment to achieve safety goals would attain a higher disaster mitigation profile. Foster emphasizes the spatial distribution of risk, safety by design, predicting and preventing disaster, and developing warning systems, as well as disaster plans.

At the basic level of local government, Herman (1982) insists on the careful organization of disaster plans, people and resources. He includes training for disasters, how to staff an operations center and how to coordinate with other agencies and organizations. He describes the elements of disaster mitigation preparation. Herman also lists voluntary organizations concerned with disaster service. Additionally, he cites U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regional offices and state emergency management agencies. Note: the majority of volunteer, federal and state offices with their telephone numbers, which he cataloged, are still current.

C. DISASTER RECOVERY

"Community recovery from a major natural disaster" by Rubin et al. (1985) examined 14 case studies of large and small communities which were affected by and recovered from, one of the natural disaster categories cited by Nalivkin. Fort Wayne, Indiana, as an example, suffered severe flood damage in March, 1982. Damage sustained was $50 million. Ten days after the March 13 inundation, the Mayor's office issued an interdepartmental memo describing a four-phase flood recovery strategy. Phase I analyzed Fort Wayne's response to the flood; Phase 11, led by an outside consultant, dealt with public recovery issues, including disaster survey reports and relief issues; Phase III was scheduled for a 30-day effort to produce a local mitigation plan; and Phase IV prepared for a "Flood Festival" to thank flood volunteers for their assistance. Results of this four-phase mitigation operation for a city of 172,000 residents were outstanding, but activities took longer than planned and were more expensive than anticipated.

Our literature review concerning disaster recovery, both for large and small municipalities, found that most of the authors' concentrated on 1) crisis intervention (Tierney and Baisden, 1979); 2) disaster analysis (Wright et al., 1979); 3) ethical as well as policy issues pertaining to emergency management (Comfort et al., 1988); 4) mental health of impacted populations (Laube and Murphey, 1985); and 5) social repercussions (Friesema et al., 1979). Virtually no evaluation research has been conducted on environmental benefits, monetary costs, psychological amenities, or social impacts which relate to the replanting of urban trees and forests after a disaster.

10.3 Literature Cited

Anon. 1985. Thunderstorms and lightening. National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. 5 pages.

Asplundh. 1991. Customer storm emergency hot line. Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, Asplundh Tree Expert Co. 19090

Comfort, L. K. et al. 1988. Managing disaster. Durham, North Carolina, Duke University Press

Ebenreck, S. 1989. The value of trees. In: Shading our cities, a resource guide for urban and community forests. Ed. G. Moll and S. Ebenreck. Washington, D.C.: Island Press

Fazio, J. R. 1987. How to prune young shade trees. Tree City USA Bulletin No. 1

Fazio, J. R. 1988. When a storm strikes. Tree City USA Bulletin No. 2

Federal Emergency Management Agency. 1990. Disaster assistance programs: A guide to Federal aid in natural disasters. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Washington, D.C. 20472

Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 1993. Replanting the Urban Forest After Hurricane Andrew, Editor, James B. Harroll, 27 pages.

Florida Department of Community Affairs Division of Emergency Management, 1993. State of Florida Hazard Mitigation Plan (Draft)

Foster, H. D. 1980. Disaster planning. New York: Springer-Verlag

Friesema, H. P. et al. 1979. Aftermath. Beverly Hills: Sage Productions

Gibilsco, S. 1984. Violent weather: hurricanes, tornadoes, and storms. Blue Ridge Summit, Tab Books Inc.

Hanson, M., Gray, P. R., Greene, D., Reickenbach M., Bailey, K., Hunt C., Mooter, D., and Page B., 1987. Effective Tree Care Programs. Natural Urban Forestry Assessment Working Group, National Association of State Foresters and USDA Forest Service.

Harris, R. W. 1992. Arboriculture: integrated management of landscape trees, shrubs, and vines. 2nd. Ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall

Herman, R. E. 1982. Disaster planning for local government. New York: Universe Books

Hermann, J. 1993. Personal communication.

International Society of Arboriculture. 1992. 1992-1993 member directory. ISA, Savoy, IL. 61874

Kestler, Edwin. ed. 1983. The thunderstorm in human affairs. Univ. of Oklahoma Press, Norman. 186 pages

Kielbaso, J. J., Beauchamp, B. S., Larison, K. F., and Randall, C. J., 1988. Trends in Urban Forestry Management, Baseline Data Report 20:1. Urban Data Service Publication International City Management Association, Washington, D.C.

Laube, J. and S. A. Murphy. 1985. Perspectives on disaster recovery. Norwalk: Appleton-Century-Crofts

Matheny, N. and J. Clark. 1991. A photographic guide to the evaluation of hazard trees in urban areas. International Society of Arboriculture, Savoy, IL 61874

McCullen, J. and R. Webb. 1982. A manual on urban trees. Dublin: An Foras Forbartha Merullo.

Miller, R. W. 1988. Urban forestry: planning and managing urban greenspaces. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall

Morentz, J. W. et al. 1982. Practical mitigation. Rockville, Research Alternatives, Inc.

Nalivkin. D. V. 1982. Hurricanes, storms and tornadoes. New Delhi, Amerind Publishing Co.

Obermeyer, R. 1989. Planning for high-wind disasters: tornadoes, hurricanes, and severe storms, a partially annotated bibliography. CPL Bibliography 236. Council of Planning Librarians

Ossenbruggen, H.S. 1993. Personal communication

Ottman, K. 1990. Emergency storm response plan. Bureau of Forestry, Department of Public Works, Milwaukee, WI

Pielke, Roger A. 1990. The hurricane. Routledge, London. 228 pages.

Pirone, P. 1988. Tree Maintenance. Oxford University Press, New York, 514 pages.

Powers, W. and D. Ogan. 1992. Personal communication.

Rodbell, P. D., Emerging Issues. Urban Forests, Vol. 13, No. 2, page 22.

Rubin, C. B. et al. 1985. Community recovery from a major natural disaster. Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado

Semrav, A. 1993. Helping Trees Weather Nature. Urban Forests, Vol. 13, No. 1, pages 12-17.

Skiera, J. 1990. Urbana Arbor Division storm recovery plan. Department of Public Works, Urbana, IL

Stankovich, M. R. 1991. Major tree damage control plan. Forestry Division, Oak Park, IL

Tierney, K. J. and B. Baisden. 1979. Crisis intervention programs for disaster victims: a source book and manual for smaller communities. Disaster Research Center, Ohio State University

Ulrich, R. S. 1984. View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science (224): 420421

U.S. Department of Commerce, Hurricane Andrew: South Florida and Louisiana August 23-26, 1992, Natural Disaster Survey Report. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and National Weather Service, Silver Spring, Maryland. November 1993

Valentine, V. D. and M. J. 1992. Arboriculture and the law. International Society of Arboriculture, Savoy, IL. 61874

Wenger, K. F. et al. 1984. Forestry handbook. Second Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons

Wright, J. D. et al. 1979. After the clean up. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications

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